20) A typical shooting star in a meteor shower is caused by a ________ entering Earth's. The astrometric technique of planet detection works best for, The size and shape of a planet's orbit can be determined by, A planet's density can be measured by combining. It applies to both sound and light (although they are somewhat different mathematically). Planets detected via the Doppler technique have been mostly Jupiter-mass, in very close orbits If every star had an Earth-like planet in an Earth-like orbit, how many could be detected by a transit? Observations indicating that other planetary systems often have jovian planets orbiting close to their stars are best explained by what we call __________. Our modern theory of solar system formation—the nebular theory—successfully accounts for all the major features of our own solar system. A) the bubbling pattern on the photosphere produced by the underlying convection, B) areas of the corona where magnetic field lines project into space, allowing charged particles. This page updated on February 10, 2016. Which method could detect a planet in an orbit that is face-on to the Earth? 8) Which is closest to the average distance between asteroids in the asteroid belt? 8) By itself, the Doppler technique provides a measure of a planet's . By itself, the Doppler technique provides a measure of a planet’s. "We don't yet have techniques that can find planets of that size, but our new data will get us much closer." 10) Where are the Trojan asteroids located? 10) From the center outward, which of the following lists the "layers" of the Sun in the correct, C) core, radiation zone, convection zone, photosphere, chromosphere, corona. Armed with state-of-the-art telescopes and other high-tech tools, astronomers are spotting new worlds at an astonishing rate. The average separation of the planet and star, a, is simply the sum of the radii for circular orbits. (Hint: To find the volume of the planet, use the formula for the volume of a sphere: 43π(radius)3. Planets that do not have necessary orbital alignment cannot be detected. The velocity change of the star is a measure of the planet's mass and orbital distance A planet is detected via the Doppler technique. Choose the correct statement representing how does the transit method work. 41) Humans have not sent a spacecraft into the interior of the Sun to confirm any models of the. The shape of the periodic velocity pattern. C) They formed as gas giants beyond the frost line and then migrated inwards. Which of the following is a legitimate conclusion from the graph shown, which is based on analysis of Kepler results? In November 1995, the scientists published their findings in the journal Nature; the … A) Low-mass stars are cooler and less luminous than high-mass stars. 17) Which of the following persons reorganized the spectral classification scheme into the one, 18) Which of the following persons used the ideas of quantum mechanics to describe why the, 19) Suppose you see two main-sequence stars of the same spectral type. 24) On a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, where would we find stars that are cool and luminous? C) calculated its orbit and predicted that it would return in 1758. 17) Why aren't small asteroids spherical in shape? Much to the astronomy communities amazement, the first planet discovered via this technique was roughly half the size of Jupiter, but on an orbit significantly smaller than Mercury's! Extrasolar planets are very challenging to direct directly, ranging from 10^4 to 10^10 times fainter than their parent star. The reason that most extrasolar planets are found close to their parent stars is the amount and frequency of the star's motion are both higher. C) It shows that we do not fully understand the formation of our Solar System. 39) What processes are involved in the sunspot cycle? the amount and frequency of the star's motion are both higher. extrasolar planet orbits tend to be closer and more eccentric than in our Solar System. Multiple-planet systems have been identified around other stars via the Doppler technique. D) 70 percent hydrogen, 28 percent helium, 2 percent other elements. A) Earth-mass, in Earth-like orbits. 22) Primitive meteorites can be distinguished from other meteorites and terrestrial rocks because. The transit method has the advantage of yielding a planet's size. These data were obtained by measuring __________. Typically the mass of the planet m p is small enough to ignore. 31) Which of the following statements about neutrinos is not true? 8) What is the average temperature of the surface of the Sun? The discovery of hot Jupiters led scientists to reconsider the nebuar theory. Overview; As of December 2017, 662 of all exoplanet discoveries (both candidates and those that have been confirmed) were detected using the Radial Velocity Method alone – almost 30% of the total. What is planetary migration, and how may it account for the surprising orbits of many extrasolar planets? the fact that large, icy objects orbit the Sun in the Kuiper belt. Of the 3,526 extra-solar planets that have been confirmed to date, the transit method has accounted for 2,771 discoveries – which is more than all the other methods combined. Are there certain planets that each method cannot detect, even if the planets are very large? 27) What do models suggest make up the clouds on "hot Jupiters"? 3) What are the standard units for luminosity? D) our mathematical models of the solar interior are fairly accurate. With the Doppler technique, planet masses and orbits are inferred from the observed motions of their host stars. Their masses are similar to Jupiter but they are very close to the central star and therefore hot. D) remains the same, but the apparent brightness is decreased by a factor of four. The ancients debated the existence of planets beyond our own; now we know of thousands. B) by comparing its infrared thermal emission to its visible-light reflection, 16) If we know the size of an asteroid, we can determine its density by. The Doppler technique has the main advantage of being able to detect planets in a wide range of orbits - as long as the orbit is It is most sensitive to close to their stars. 41) Which of the following statements about a globular cluster is true? D) the winding of magnetic field lines due to differential rotation. jovian planets can form only in the cold, outer regions of a solar system. Question 8 0.5 out of 0.5 points Planets detected via the Doppler technique have been mostly Selected Answer: Jupiter-mass, in very close orbits. C) determining its mass from its gravitational pull on a spacecraft, satellite, or planet. The graph shows how a star's orbital speed varies with time because of the gravitational tug of an orbiting planet. The star's light dims slightly because the planet blocks some of the star's visible light. C) Jupiter-mass, in very close orbits. Amateur astronomers are able to detect extrasolar planets with backyard telescopes using the transit method. Each dot on this graph represents an extrasolar planet; the green dots (labeled) represent planets of our own solar system. The space-based observatory Gaia, launched in 2013, is expected to find thousands of planets via astrometry, but prior to the launch of Gaia, no planet detected by astrometry had been confirmed. A) Luminosity = (apparent brightness)/4π x (distance)^2, 8) Why do astronomers often measure the visible-light apparent brightness instead of the total, B) In order to measure the total apparent brightness of a star, you must measure its brightness in, 9) Suppose you measure the parallax angle for a particular star to be 0.1 arcsecond. 20) What are the two main differences between extrasolar planetary systems discovered to date, C) extrasolar planet orbits tend to be closer and more eccentric than in our Solar System, 21) A planet is detected via the Doppler technique. What kinds of planets are easiest to detect with each method? D) The two planets have an orbital resonance that prevents them from colliding. 20) How much mass does the Sun lose through nuclear fusion per second? The signature of a planet is largest in radial velocity measurements when the planet and star are lined up along the line of sight to the telescope. Which of the following properties can be inferred from the star's orbital period? 30) Why are neutrinos so difficult to detect? However, then m p is large and m s is small it does have a noticable effect. 34) A star of spectral type O lives approximately how long on the main sequence? What are the two main differences between extrasolar planetary systems discovered to date and our Solar System? D) only the motion of star toward the observer is measured, not the full motion. Notice the four locations marked by the bold numbers 1 through 4. why are many of the newly detected extrasolar planets called hot jupiters. Jupiter-mass, in very close orbits. An extrasolar planet that is rocky and larger than Earth is often called a __________. What happens, C) It is rapidly converted to energy when it meets an ordinary electron, resulting in matter-, 24) The overall fusion reaction by which the Sun currently produces energy is. 21) What characteristic distinguishes a meteorite from a terrestrial rock? A) Earth-mass, in Earth-like orbits. the precise wavelengths of spectral lines in the spectrum of the star. Which one of the following can the transit method tell us about a planet? It requires large telescopes, and it provides only minimum mass when orbital inclination to … Which of the following statements are consistent with this revised theory? At least about 15% of stars have a planet similar in size to Earth. The planetary transits block 2 % of the star's light. The composition of a planet can be determined by, The reason that most extrasolar planets are found close to their parent stars is. By transits? Both techniques are most sensitive to large planets close to their stars. It requires large telescopes, and it provides only minimum mass when orbital inclination to Earth is unknown. The Doppler Effect Wails and Redshifts . 12) The large gaps in the asteroid belt (often called Kirkwood gaps) are caused by. Assume that all four stars have planetary systems oriented the same way toward Earth, so that the data can be compared fairly. B) The original alphabetical labeling did not correspond to surface temperature and thus had to. Which of the following do we learn about the planet? A planet is detected via the Doppler technique. So we can only detect a small fraction of the existing planets. the transit and Doppler methods together. C) measuring the positions of stars on the sky, 8) By itself, the Doppler technique provides a measure of a planet's, 9) Planets detected via the Doppler technique have been mostly, 10) Current techniques can measure stellar motion to less than, 11) A planet's density can be measured by combining, 12) The composition of a planet can be determined by, 13) The size and shape of a planet's orbit can be determined by, 14) The astrometric technique of planet detection works best for, 15) The transit method of planet detection works best for. 13) Why do we sometimes observe asteroids at the distances of the gaps in the asteroid belt? Which graph reveals the existence of a planet with the greatest mass? yes, by measuring both the star's orbital period and its change in velocity over the orbit. 28) How do we think the "hot Jupiters" around other stars were formed? The planets detected through direct imaging currently fall into two categories. Just over 20 years ago, we were completely unaware of the existence of any planets outside our own solar system. A) surface temperature on the horizontal axis and luminosity on the vertical axis. A) detection of reflected light by the planet, 5) Most of the planets discovered around other stars. 3) What do we mean when we say that the Sun is in gravitational equilibrium? Much to the astronomy communities amazement, the first planet discovered via this technique was roughly half the size of Jupiter, but on an orbit significantly smaller than Mercury's! A) The strength of gravity on small asteroids is less than the strength of the rock. 29) What part of a comet points most directly away from the Sun? Answer: D. 9) Planets detected via the Doppler technique have been mostly . C) Most stars in the cluster are yellow or reddish in color. More extrasolar planets were later detected by observing the variation of the star’s apparent luminosity as an orbiting planet transited in front of it. C) Their masses are similar to Jupiter but they are very close to the central star and therefore hot. "Earth causes the Sun to move at a snail's pace," says Nave. Almost all the planets detected so far are in the Milky Way. E) The electron neutrinos created in the Sun change into another type of neutrino that we do not, 33) The light radiated from the Sun's surface reaches Earth in about 8 minutes, but the energy of. A planet’s density can be measured by combining 39) Which of the following does not lend support to the idea that Pluto is a Kuiper-belt object? E) The mass of a neutrino is 30 percent of the mass of an electron. 15) How can we determine an asteroid's reflectivity? 4) Which of the following methods has not yet detected planets around other stars? Instead of looking for a wobble back and forth across our field of vision, scientists study the light from a star to see if it is moving toward us and away from us in a cyclical manner. It shows that we do not fully understand the formation of our Solar System. 28) On a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, where would we find white dwarfs? Once a planet forms in a disk-like nebula around a star, its orbit is fixed and will never change. Its disadvantage is that few planets have the necessary orbital alignment to even be detectable. C) Gravitational tugs from Jupiter prevented material from collecting together to form a planet. The __________ successfully discovered thousands of extrasolar planets with a spacecraft that searched for transits among some 100,000 stars. Just over 20 years ago, we were completely unaware of the existence of any planets outside our own solar system. Is it possible to determine the planet's mass from the star's velocity curve? 22) Which is the strongest of the fundamental forces in the universe? 11) Which layer of the Sun do we normally see? 28) Studies of sunquakes, or helioseismology, have revealed that. 14) Why do sunspots appear dark in pictures of the Sun? 26) Halley's comet is named after the English scientist Edmund Halley because he. Why did this hypothesis gain favor over alternative ideas? Give your answer in grams per cubic centimeter. 22) A planet is detected via the Doppler technique. 27) How do we know what goes on under the surface of the Sun? The first planets around other Sun-like stars were discovered. B) are more massive than Earth and orbit very close to the star. We monitor the brightness of a star as the planet passes in front of the star's disk. Choose the correct statement describing the Doppler method. C) Energy is transported outward by the rising of hot plasma and the sinking of cooler plasma. C) a fragment of an asteroid from the solar system that has fallen to Earth's surface. A) It dredged up material that gave us our first direct look at Jupiter's interior composition. Spotting the Doppler shift of a star's spectra is another handy exoplanet detection technique and it was the technique used to find the Pegasi 51b, the first planet detected around a Sun-like star. 6) How much brighter is a Sun-like star than the reflected light from a planet orbiting around it? The star TrES-1 has a radius of about 85 % of our Sun's radius. They formed as gas giants beyond the frost line and then migrated inwards. As of 2006, around 200 extrasolar planets have been identified using the radial velocity technique. 2) What do asteroids and comets have in common? minimum mass, orbital radius, orbital eccentricity. Compare this density to the average densities of Saturn (0.7g/cm3) and Earth (5.5g/cm3). Current techniques can measure stellar motion to less than. 41) Why was the Shoemaker-Levy 9 impact so important to astronomers? This graph plots planetary mass on the horizontal axis and planetary radius on the vertical axis. So to make some sense of all the stuff I just said, most planets so far have been found using the Doppler and transit methods. Which location represents a planet with the greatest density? 16) The reason that most extrasolar planets are found close to their parent stars is. The Doppler technique only provides a measure of the minimum mass of a planet because C) chunks of a larger asteroid that was shattered by a collision. B) the planet's mass and orbital distance. B) Pluto is regarded by many to be a planet. The, 11) The most distant stars we can measure stellar parallax for are approximately. In several cases, multiple planets have been observed around a … 40) In the asteroid impact theory of the extinction of the dinosaurs some 65 million years ago. The radial velocity technique is able to detect planets around low-mass stars, such as M-type (red dwarf) stars. (Hint: Because the mass of 51 Pegasi is about the same as the mass of our Sun, you can use Kepler's third law in its original form, p2=a3. Be sure to convert the period into years before using this equation.). 2) Approximately how many other planetary systems have been discovered to date? measuring the positions of stars on the sky, By itself, the Doppler technique provides a measure of a planet's, minimum mass; orbital radius; orbital eccentricity, Planets detected via the Doppler technique have been mostly, Current techniques can measure stellar motion to less than. A planet’s density can be measured by combining E) a wide range of masses, in edge-on orbits. Which of the following methods has led to the most discoveries of massive planets orbiting near their parent stars? Which of the following best explains why the nebular theory(as it stood before the discoveries of extrasolar planets) had not predicted the existence of hot Jupiters? 38) In a pulsating variable star, which characteristic of the star changes dramatically with time? As of 2006, around 200 extrasolar planets have been identified using the radial velocity technique. D) We see many sunspots on the surface of the Sun. 24) Processed meteorites with low metal content probably are. This graph shows the brightness of a star over the course of a transit. A) The solar wind electromagnetically "blows" the ions directly away from the Sun. The __________ was used to find a Jupiter-sized planet through careful measurements of the changing position of a star in the sky. 34) What happens to energy in the convection zone of the Sun? walking speed. C) The rate of nuclear fusion in the Sun peaks about every 11 years. 25) On a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, where would we find stars that have the largest radii? #3) Which types of planets are most easily detected by Doppler measurements? A) the excess absorption of starlight at specific wavelengths. It is large enough to block about 2.5% of the star's light. However, the two most promising techniques for finding more Earth-like extrasolar planets are direct imaging and transits (so long as we can improve our technology enough!) If so, why can't they be detected? This page updated on February 10, 2016. It applies to both sound and light (although they are somewhat different mathematically). 38) Which of the following statements about the sunspot cycle is not true? Stay Connected. Many of these planets have orbits that differ significantly from perfect circles. 1. the astrometric technique 2.The transit method 3.the Doppler method 4.Hubble images Its disadvantage is that it can yield only the planet's mass and orbital properties. B) orbital radius. 23) The first step in the proton-proton chain produces an antielectron, or positron. 22) Which of the following best describes the axes of a Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram? Most of the planets discovered around other stars are more massive than Jupiter. However, when the first hot Jupiters were discovered, their existence seemed inconsistent with the nebular theory because this theory predicts that __________. E) Star 1 is 10 times more distant than Star 2. 35) What is the typical size of comets that enter the inner solar system? Today, the leading hypothesis for the existence of hot Jupiters is that they formed in their outer solar systems and then migrated inward. In that case, the revised nebular theory looks just like the old theory, except that it now allows for the possibility of migration. This is because the parent star will wiggle more with a large planet nearby, thereby creating a larger and more easily detectable spectral shift. 37) Which of the following luminosity classes refers to stars on the main sequence? It has been modified to allow for planets to migrate inwards or outwards due to gravitational interactions. The Doppler technique watches for movement in stars by looking for periodic Doppler shifts. However, we think that it is possible for planets to migrate through their disks because of interactions with the gas in the disk. A human hair viewed from a distance of 2000 miles. Star 1 is dimmer in. Approximately how many other planetary systems have been discovered to date? C) Jupiter-mass, in very close orbits. D) Earth-mass, in very close orbits. 21) Suppose you put two protons near each other. 3) Which of the following methods has led to the most discoveries of massive planets orbiting, C) detecting the gravitational effect of an orbiting planet by looking for the Doppler shifts in the. Historic Timeline A planetary tour through time. C) Jupiter-mass, in very close orbits. 32) Where did comets that are now in the Kuiper belt originally form? D) near the radius at which they orbit today. Because of the electromagnetic force, the two. However, the two most promising techniques for finding more Earth-like extrasolar planets are direct imaging and transits (so long as we can improve our technology enough!) Choose the correct description of advantages gained if a planet can be detected by both methods. This technique is called the radial velocity or "wobble" method. 23) On a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, where would we find stars that are cool and dim? B) Solar neutrinos have been detected, but in fewer numbers than predicted by theoretical. This graph plots planetary mass on the horizontal axis and planetary radius on the vertical axis. Transit photometry and Doppler spectroscopy have found the most, but these methods suffer from a clear observational bias favoring the detection of planets near the star; thus, 85% of the exoplanets detected are inside the tidal locking zone. 29) What would happen to the planets in a solar system where the central star did not have a, C) The gas in the solar nebula would create a drag on the planets and their orbits would migrate, 30) Which of the following is a consequence of the discovery of hot Jupiters for the nebular, C) It has been modified to allow for planets to migrate inwards or outwards due to gravitational, 31) Which of the following is a consequence of the discovery of hot Jupiters for understanding. B) dust injected into the stratosphere from the impact absorbed visible light from the Sun. Explore an interactive gallery of some of the most intriguing and exotic planets discovered so far. 6) What is the size of the largest asteroid? This graph plots planetary mass on the horizontal axis and planetary radius on the vertical axis. First, planets are found around stars more massive than the Sun which are young enough to have protoplanetary disks. Assume that the migration hypothesis is the correct explanation for the hot Jupiters. Which of the following is a consequence of the discovery of hot Jupiters for the nebular theory of solar system formation? Jovian planets always form in the cold, outer regions of their star system; Terrestrial planets always form in the warm, inner regions of their star system; Jovian planets can migrate inward and disrupt the orbits of terrestrial planets. The depth of the dip in a star's brightness due to the transit of a planet depends most directly on. 33) Which of the following characteristics of stars has the greatest range in values? The Doppler Effect Wails and Redshifts . Which location represents a planet with the greatest mass? To determine a planet's average density, we can use. 25) Why are many of the newly detected extrasolar planets called "hot Jupiters"? A) A gap is located at an average orbital distance, and asteroid orbits often have large. What technique, C) finding the main-sequence turnoff point of the stars. D) There is a balance within the Sun between the outward push of pressure and the inward pull. Using the method of Mathematical Insight Finding Sizes of Extrasolar Planets, calculate the radius of the transiting planet. A planet's gravitational tug on a star can also be seen in measurements of the star's radial velocity, its motion toward or away from us along the line of sight from Earth to the star.As the star orbits the system's center of mass, it alternately moves toward, then away from us. Planets detected via the Doppler technique have been mostly. How do we think the "hot Jupiters" around other stars were formed? 1) The first planets around other Sun-like stars were discovered. minimum mass, orbital radius, orbital eccentricity. 1) Which of the following statements about comets and asteroids is true? In fact, our formation model does not allow jovian planets to form that close to their stars. 10) Planets detected via the Doppler technique have been mostlyA) a wide range of … Be careful with unit conversions.). Many extrasolar planets are much closer to their stars than we had expected. A) minimum mass. The repeating pattern of the stellar motion tells us the orbital period of the planet. 18) Hydrogen fusion in the Sun requires a temperature (in Kelvin) of, 19) At the center of the Sun, fusion converts hydrogen into. D) because they rarely interact with matter. D) all of the above . 18) Which planet can we see occasionally transit across the face of the Sun? 12) Which of the following statements about apparent and absolute magnitudes is true? It detects planets in all orbit orientations except face-on. E) have plotted distributions of the orbital radii of the asteroids. Typically the mass of the planet m p is small enough to ignore. 42) On average, how often do impactors about 10 km in size, large enough to produce mass, 43) Which of the following Pluto observations did not help convince scientists to change Pluto's. D) all of the above . Planets detected via the doppler technique have been. E) total amount of light that the star radiates each second. This preview shows page 4 - 5 out of 5 pages. The velocity change of the star is a measure. How much brighter is a Sun-like star than the reflected light from a planet orbiting around it? B) orbital radius. The transit method of planet detection works best for. The Doppler technique has the main advantage of being able to detect planets in a wide range of orbits—as long as the orbit is not face-on. 7) What are the appropriate units for the Sun's luminosity? 14) Why isn't there a planet where the asteroid belt is located? 3) A rocky leftover planetesimal orbiting the Sun is, 4) An icy leftover planetesimal orbiting the Sun is. walking speed. There are no hot Jupiters in our solar system. So to make some sense of all the stuff I just said, most planets so far have been found using the Doppler and transit methods. In November of 2013, after the failure of two of its reaction wheels, the telescope began its K2 mission, during which time an additional 515 planets have been detected and 178 have been … Based on the model types shown in Figure 13.16 in the textbook, a planet made almost entirely of hydrogen compounds would be considered a, Use Kepler's third law to find the planet's average distance (semimajor axis) from its star. Doppler spectroscopy (also known as the radial-velocity method, or colloquially, the wobble method) is an indirect method for finding extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs from radial-velocity measurements via observation of Doppler shifts in the spectrum of the planet's parent star.. 880 extrasolar planets (about 21.0% of the total) were discovered using Doppler spectroscopy, as of February 2020. It's best for detecting massive planets with close-in orbits. Although planets had previously been detected orbiting pulsars, 51 Pegasi b was the first planet ever found orbiting a main-sequence star, and the first detected using Doppler spectroscopy. Transits of multiple planet systems can be analyzed to infer planetary masses. More than a thousand extrasolar planets are now known, but most have been detected indirectly through Doppler shifts or photometric detection of eclipses. Since the 1990s, astronomers have been monitoring nearby stars looking for evidence of Doppler shifts caused by orbiting planets. detecting the gravitational effect of an orbiting planet by looking for the Doppler shifts in the star's spectrum, Most of the planets discovered around other stars. __________ requires obtaining and studying many spectra of the star Jupiters in our solar system, the any... 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